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Октябрь, 2022 / Международный научный журнал
«Наука через призму времени» №10 (67) 2022
Автор: Amanova Zulfizar Uktamovna, Ассистент
Рубрика: Сельскохозяйственные науки
Название статьи: Efficiency of irrigation of agricultural crops of groundwater sources
Дата публикации: 08.10.2022
UDK631.67: 633.511
EFFICIENCY OF IRRIGATION OF AGRICULTURAL CROPS OF
GROUNDWATER SOURCES
Amanova Zulfizar Uktamovna
Assistant of the Department
of Water Resources and Land Reclamation
Bukhara Institute of Natural
Resources Management
in “Tashkent Institute of Irrigation and Agricultural
Mechanization Engineers” National
Research University
Annotation. In the
Bukhara oasis, the use of low-mineral groundwater
sources for irrigation and the use of water-saving irrigation methods for
winter cereals have resulted in positive changes in the growth and development
of grain in the case of seasonal irrigation with 50 kg of hydrogel
crystals per hectare. 4000 m3 / ha.
Keywords: irrigation sources; groundwater; temperature; water
consumption mode.
GROUNDWATER is a liquid, solid (ice), vaporized water
located in the porous cavities of the rock layers in the upper part of the
earth's crust. Groundwater is part of the total water resources and is of great
importance for the national economy as a source of water supply and irrigation.
The reclamation condition of irrigated lands is determined by the condition of
groundwater.
Groundwater is studied by hydrogeology. Water can be
in a gravitational or free state that is bound by molecular forces and moves
under the influence of gravity or pressure difference. Layers of rock that are
saturated with unconnected water are called aquifers, and they form aqueous
complexes.
Groundwater is divided into porous (soft rocks),
narrow (vein) - hard rocks and karst (cracked)
(cracked-karst-lightly soluble carbonate and gypsum
rocks) depending on the nature of accumulation in water-retaining rocks. Depending
on the location, groundwater is groundwater (see Soil water regime), seasonal
water (surface water; formed by precipitation or absorption of irrigation water
on the aquifers in the aeration zone),
groundwater is divided into water (collected on the first
waterproof layer closest to the surface) and interlayer (non-pressurized,
pressurized, artesian, aquifers located between waterproof layers).
According to its origin, groundwater is an
infiltration formed as a result of the absorption of atmospheric precipitation,
river and irrigation water; condensation formed by the condensation of water
vapor in rock layers; sedimentary rocks are subdivided into sedimentary and magmatic cooling waters, which are formed as a result of
the immersion of seawater in the process of formation, or when washed away from
the earth's mantle. The natural outflow of groundwater to the surface is called
a spring, and is divided into flowing and boiling (hot spring).
Groundwater is a natural solution that contains almost
all known chemical elements. In terms of mineralization (total amount of
solutes in water, g / l), groundwater is fresh (up to 1.0), saline (1.0-10.0),
saline (10.0-50.0) and saline (from 50). many) types.
In terms of temperature, it is cold (up to 4 °), cold (4-20 °), warm (20-37 °),
hot (37-42 °), hot (42-100 °) and very hot (above 100 °). Divided
into groundwater. Infiltrative water is common in nature,
the rest is very rare in its pure form. Groundwater is used in water supply of
the population, industry and pastures, irrigation of lands, medicine (mineral
waters), heat supply (hot water), extraction of various salts and chemical
elements (iodine, boron, bromine, etc.). Groundwater causes swamps and salinization of soils. To combat this, open and closed
horizontal drains and boreholes are drilled. Groundwater is widely used in
deserts. Karakum, Kyzylkum
and Ustyurt pastures are mainly supplied with
groundwater. More than 150 large groundwater deposits have been identified in
Central Asia. Their annual renewable operational reserves are more than 1,500 m
/ s, the share of fresh water is about 1,000 m / s, and the rest is mineralized
at different levels (2-3 to 15 g / l). There are more than 40,000 used
boreholes in Central Asia, of which about 5,000 are artesian wells; many of
them are used to irrigate crops (see Artesian waters).
After the independence of the Republic of Uzbekistan,
our country has undergone rapid changes in all areas and achieved a number of
achievements. Also, the rapid development of the agricultural sector, in turn,
will lead to an increase in the consumption of water resources. Radical
innovations have been introduced in the implementation of a unified policy in
the field of water resources management, as well as in the field of rational
use and protection of water resources, prevention and elimination of harmful
effects of water. Consistent and sustainable development of agriculture is to
ensure the food security of the country. Development of the concept of water
development in 2020-2030 Water saving through the implementation of promising
projects in the field of water management, foreign investment, active
assistance to agricultural producers in the introduction of water-saving
irrigation technologies, expansion of production capacity of modern irrigation
systems by attracting private investment the share of irrigated lands using
technologies is to bring irrigated lands to at least 10 percent of the total
area. Relevance of scientific research:
If we take the total volume of water on Earth as 100
percent, it is 97.5 percent saline, while freshwater is 2.5 percent.
Groundwater sources are one of the most inexpensive and convenient sources when
close to an irrigation area. That is why it is widely used in foreign
countries. In particular, 40% of irrigated land in the United States is
irrigated from groundwater, 33% in the People's Republic of China and 5-6% in
Uzbekistan. To date, the available and limited water resources in the region
have been fully distributed and developed between countries. Under the current
circumstances, the growing demand for water in the region can be met mainly
through the rational use of available water resources and the discovery of
internal reserves of water resources. Therefore, the development of water-saving
technologies is also receiving great attention by scientists. In addition to
groundwater resources, surface water is also used to irrigate and water
pastures. Currently, 7% of the total groundwater resources are used. It is
mainly used in Crimea, Moldova, Ukraine, the Volga region, Kazakhstan,
Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, Armenia, Georgia, Azerbaijan, USA, India, Algeria,
Italy and other countries. When groundwater is used, its dynamic reserve is
used, otherwise it is lost. The advantages of using groundwater are:
1) Proximity to the irrigation area and
shortness of the salt part of the main canal.
2) Decrease in groundwater level in the
irrigated area.
1) High FIK of canals due to low water
wastage, canal length.
2) No mudslides in the canals as the water is not turbid.
3) Low risk of salinization
and swamping.
Disadvantages:
1) Deep waters and lack of reserves in some
places.
2) Mineralization may be high.
3) The temperature is low.
4) Conditions for frequent mechanical
lifting of water.
5) Lack of useful gel and other particles in
water.
6) The need for multiple wells.
7) High operating costs.
Groundwater is used for irrigation as follows: through
springs, through mine wells, through a water collection gallery.
Capture springs are used for self-irrigation.
Wells can be shallow, tubular. Pipe diameters range
from 30-100 cm. Depth is up to 100 m, up to 50-100 l / s using water pumps. One
well can irrigate up to 200 acres. When groundwater is used, aquifers are often
used. They increase the size of the irrigation area, helping to heat the water.
If the cost of water intake exceeds the recovery of groundwater resources, they
are artificially replenished with water, that is, they act as groundwater
reservoirs. For this purpose, natural groundwater flows (floods and floods),
local watercourses, wastewater (from irrigation, production, sewage)
can be used. It is done by spontaneous infiltration or by infiltration under
pressure. The first is done in the following ways:
1) Flooding of the area, which takes up a
lot of space, gives good results on low-slope, quiet terrain.
2) By building a special pool with a dense
network of permeable bubbles and egats, small
channels (in difficult terrain conditions).
3) Permanent and temporary watercourses,
wells, mines, quarries, natural quarries are used.
Pressure
infiltration is the delivery of water under pressure through wells built into a
water intake. This method is often used against intrusion, i.e., against the
addition of saline seawater to groundwater on the seashore.
One of the factors negatively affecting the current
increase in grain yield is the shortage of water during the growing season, and
the second is that most farms do not take into account local soil and hydrogeological conditions, real water requirements during
the transition phases of their growth and development. Some of the toxic
chemicals applied to the soil, weeds and insects applied to the soil during the
irrigation of grain are washed into groundwater, leading to the deterioration of
their ecological and reclamation status. The above reasons include the
efficient use of water resources allocated to irrigated lands, a system of
agro-technological measures that do not adversely affect the environmental
situation, irrigation methods using hydrogel
artificial polymer crystals to create opportunities for rational use of
groundwater in the cultivation of cereals. The purpose of the study:
Water sources for irrigation are assessed by the
following indicators: water quality, the amount of water flow during the annual
and growing seasons, the variation of water flow over the years, water flow
regime, level and pressure regime, location relative to the irrigated area.
It is characterized by the quality of water, its
temperature, the amount of mechanical leaks, mineralization and chemical
composition, bacteriological composition.
Study of the source of
irrigation in the case of high yields from grain fields in relation to its
temperature on the basis of experiments on the efficient use of groundwater.
Level of research:
Wheat is an annual plant. Its root system is a poplar
root, the main part of which develops in the drive layer of the soil, some roots are 100 cm. pit up to 40-130 cm in height. reaches The transpiration coefficient of wheat is 231-557
(average 400-500), the coefficient of water demand for grain is 60-190 m3 / ts. is formed. These indicators
vary depending on climatic conditions, type and variety of wheat, water supply,
the amount of nutrients in the soil. Depending on the natural conditions of the
cultivated areas, its autumn or spring varieties are planted on irrigated
lands. Winter wheat is more resistant to cold and drought than spring wheat,
germinating when the soil temperature is 4-5оC. During the growing
season, an effective temperature of 2100оC is required for winter
wheat and at least 1300оC for spring wheat.
The effect of the temperature of irrigation sources on
autumn cereal crops is in fact little studied scientifically.
The task of the research:
Based on the experiments conducted, the study of the
source of irrigation depends on its temperature in the efficient use of
groundwater to create clear guidelines. Water-saving technologies go through
certain periods (phases) during the growth and development of cereal crops,
that is, from seed germination to formation. During the developmental stages,
morphological changes occur in plants and new organs are formed. Wheat goes
through the following phases: to observe the phases of germination,
accumulation, germination, germination, flowering and ripening, and to study
the efficiency of its yield.
Object of research:
The farm "Oqil Alisher" was chosen as an experimental plot for the
rational use of groundwater in the cultivation of grain crops. Oqil Alisher farm is located in Pakhtaabad district of Gijdivan
district of Bukhara region.
References:
- Xamidov M. Tsentralnaya Aziya - vodnye resursy, ozera i mezhgosudarstvennыe otnosheniya. International Symposium, 2003 Leg, Belgium Khamidov M. Tsentralnaya Aziya - vodnye resursy, ozera i mezhgosudarstvennыe otnosheniya. International Symposium, 2003 Leg, Belgium
- Hamidov M. X., D. V. Nazaraliev Technology poliva ozimoy pshenitsy i xlopchatnika po mikroborozdam. UzSXV, UzIIChM, UzPITI, IKARDA, IVMI, Tashkent. 2006. p. 363-366
- M.A. Sattarov, Sh. R. Axmedov Investigation of the effects of thermal effects on the growth of cotton growers
- Sh. R. Axmedov Mudulnye issledovanie dynamics of growth and productivity of xlopchatnika method by mathematical modeling
- Xamidov M. X., Suvonov B. U Application of drip irrigation technology in the irrigation of cotton // Journal "Irrigation and Land Reclamation". - Tashkent, 2018. - № 4 (14) .- P.9-13.
- Saloxiddinov A. T., Xomidov A. O., Boirov R. K., Yusupov X. Influence of strong swelling hydrogels on biometric indicators of winter wheat in the conditions of dry gray soils // Journal "AGRO ILM". - Tashkent 2018. - №5 (55). - B. 76-77
- Amanova Z. U. et al. WATER-SAVING TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPED BY "GIDROGEL" FOR IRRIGATION OF WINTER CEREALS // Agroprocessing. - 2020. - №. SPECIAL.
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